N8|duZxJ  vxTT 


MAY,  1921 


No.  4 


UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  DAKOTA 
DEPARTMENTAL  BULLETIN 


THE  WATERS 

OF 

NORTH  DAKOTA 


THE  PUBLIC  HEALTH  LABORATORIES 
Bulletin  No.  29 


Published  Bi-Monthly  by  the  University  of  North  Dakota 
Entered  at  University  Station,  Grand  Forks,  North  Dakota,  as 
Second  Class  Matter  Under  Act  of  Congress  of  August  22, 
1912.  Acceptance  for  mailing  at  special  rate  of  postage 
provided  for  in  Section  1103,  Act  of  October  3,  1917, 
authorized  May  5,  1920. 


T~Uj  h t ? 


NORTH  DAKOTA  STATE  DEPARTMENT 
OF  HEALTH 


Hon.  William  Lemke,  Bismarck, 
0.  J.  Halgren,  M.  D.,  Bismarck, 
H.  E.  French,  M,  D.,  Grand  Forks, 


President 


Vice  President 


Secretary 


Division  of  Venereal  Disease  Control 

F.  R.  Smyth,  M.  D.,  Bismarck,  - - -,  - Director 

Division  of  Laboratories 

A.  G.  Long,  M.  D.,  University,  - Director 

31  a in  Office  and  Laboratory,  University 
A.  G.  Long,  M.  ,D.,  ------  Pathologist 

Dorothy  M.  Evans,  B.  A.,  B.  S-.,  Bacteriologist  and  Sereologist 
A.  E.  McCoy,  B.  S.,  M.  S.,  - - Chemist 

Maude  S.  Virden,  ------  Secretary 

Division  of  Sanitation 

A.  E.  McCoy,  B.  S.,  M.  S.,  University,  - Sanitary  Engineer 

Branch  Laboratories 

Fargo,  - - - Delia  Johnson,  B.  S. 


Bismarck, 


E.  M.  Stanton 


Minot, 


Chas.  K.  Allen,  B.  S. 


Division  of  Public  Health  Nursing 

Ruth  Bracken,  R.  N.,  Bismarck, 

. — 2— 


Supervisor 


THE  WATERS  OE  NORTH  DAKOTA 


At  various  times  numerous  calls  have  been  received  in 
the  Public  Health  Laboratory  for  data  upon  that  very  inter- 
esting subject  the  water  supply  of  North  Dakota.  An  immense 
amount  of  material  has  been  accumulated  during  the  period 
these  laboratories  have  been  in  operation.  Perhaps  the  most 
work  was  done  by  Dr.  Gustav  F.  Ruediger  during  his  term 
of  office  as  Director  of  laboratories  and  the  material  lie 
collected  has  been  used,  together  with  a great  deal  of  data 
accumulated  since,  in  the  preparation  of  this  paper. 

The  rivers  of  the  State  contain  a palatable  water  and 
need  very  little  treatment  to  render  them  quite  safe  for 
drinking  purposes,  but  most  of  them  are  very  hard.  Such 
cannot  be  said  of  the  well  waters.  Throughout  the  whole  of 
the  State,  shallow  wells,  none  deeper  than  20  feet,  yield  a 
fairly  palatable  ^vvater,  but  artesian  wells  and  deep  wells  as 
a rule  yield  a highly  mineralised  water.  In  order  to  find  a 
standard  with  which  to  compare  the  waters  of  this  state  and 
decide  which  is  a good  water-  and  which  is  the  opposite,  the 
standard  fixed  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  for  the 
chemical  purity  of  waters  used  on  interstate  trains  has  been 
adopted.  The  amounts  are  expressed  in  parts  per  million 
and  can  be  converted  into  grains  per  gallon  by  multiplying 
by  0.058:  — 


Total  Solids 
Chlorine 

Sulphate  Radicle 
Magnesium 
Carbonates 
Alkalinity 


Good  Fair 

up  to  1000  up  to  1500 

“ “ 250  “ “ 800 

“ “ 250  “ “ 600 

“ “ 75  “ “ 125 

“ “ 50  “ “ 100 

“ “ 500  “ “ 800 


Poor  , Bad 

up  to  2000 
“ “ 1200 

“ “ 1000  anything 

“ “ 175  over 

250  these 
“ “ 1200  figures 


Many  of  the  waters  placed  in  the  “fair”  class  or  in  the 
“poor”  class  have  but  a * temporary  effect  upon  the  people 


using  them  and  the  body  soon  develops  a tolerance  for  them. 
Stock  which  has  been  reared  on  such  water  is  slow  to  drink 


water  which  is  in  the  “good”  class.  At  the  same  time,  how- 
ever, horses  are  said  to  suffer  various  disorders  when  sub- 
jected to  waters  with  high  chlorine  and  sulphate  content. 
When  selecting,  a water  for  municipal  supply  every  effort 
should  be  made  to  find  one  that  meets  all  requirements  for 
the  class  Called  “good”  and  does  not  have  a hardness  exceed- 
ing 400  parts  per  million.  Its  bacterial  content  should  also 
be  considered,  for,  while  the  water  may*  pass  muster  chemic- 
ally, if  it  be  above  standard  bacteriologically,  the  cost  of 
treatment  has  to  be  considered. 


The  suitability  of  a water  for  boiler  use  has  also  to  be 
considered  and  it  has  been  found  that  there  are  no  good, 
untreated,  boiler  waters  in  the  state,  the  proportion  of  lime, 
magnesium  or  iron  being  so  high  that  the  formation  of  in- 


crustants  renders  them  very  unsuitable.  For  this  reason  the 
Great  Northern  has  installed  water  softening  plants  through- 
out its  lines  from  Devils  Lake  west. 

The  artesian  wells  in  the  Red  River  Valley  yield  water 
that  is  quite  salty  to  taste  and  very  hard.  Practically  every 
water  analyzed  contains  more  than  2000  parts  per  million  of 
total  solids  and  over  1200'  parts  of  chlorine.  These  waters 
are  used  for  every  purpose,  apparently  without  bad  effects. 
The  deep  wells  which  do  not  flow,  often  contain  very  good 
water  especially  in  Cass  and  Ric’hland  County. 

The  shallow  well  water  of  the  Red  River  Valley  is,  as 
a rule,  less  highly  impregnated  with  mineral  salts  than  in 
the  deep  wells,  except  perhaps,  in  the  northern  part  of  the 
state,  where  throughout,  Pembina,  Cavalier,  Walsh  and  again 
in  Trail  counties  the  underground  shallow  wells  are  quite 
salty  in  taste.  If  the  soil  is  sandy  the  waters  may  have  a 
hardness  of  500  parts  or  less  but  their  bacterial  count  is 
likely  to  be  high,  especially  if  the  wells  are  not  properly 
protected.  The  shallow  well  waters  classed  as  “bad”,  con- 
tain large  amounts  of  epsom  salts  which  give  the  water 
a bitter  taste  and  are  irritating  to  the  intestine. 

The  deep  well  waters  in  the  central  plains  are  some- 
what better  than  those  in  the  Red  River  Valley  being  lower 
in  solids,  hardness,  and  sulphates  but  higher  in  alkalinity, 
but  even  at  that,  they  are  considerably  above  what  is  con- 
sidered a suitable  water.  The  flowing  wells  are  not  very 
common  except  in  the  southern  tier  of  counties.  The  wells 
here  are  very  deep  and  the  waters  highly  mineralised  and 
uniformly  hard.  All  are  very  high  in  sulphate  or  chlorides, 
The  shallow  wells  of  this  region  are  softer  and  lower  in 
magnesium  compounds  than  those  of  Red  River  valley,  but 
when  compared  with  the  deep  well  waters  they  are  harder 
and  higher  in  magnesium  salts.  The  best  shallow  wells  are 
found  in  Pierce,  Benson  and  Nelson  counties. 

In  the  western  part  of  the  state  or  Missouri  plateau 
region  flowing  wells  are  very  scarce  except  at  the  north 
and  south  borders  of  the  State.  These  waters  are  very  soft 
but  have  a high  alkalinity  due  to  bicarbonates.  The  deep 
well  waters  are  also  high  in  alkalinity  and  have  a high  min- 
eral content  and  can  be  used  with  some  satisfaction  as  boiler 
supply. 

Compared  with  the  deep  well  waters  of  the  Red  River 
valley  they  have  a higher  alkalinity  and  are  more  highly 
mineralised  but  have,  not  such  a great  degree  of  hardness. 
Compared  with  those  in  the  central  part  of  the  state  they 
have  a higher  alkalinity  and  hardness  content  but  not  so 
much  chlorine  or  sulphates. 

The  shallow  wells  in  this  part  of  the  state  are  the  least 
mineralised  of  anywhere  and  for  this  reason  can  be  classed 
as  good  boiler  waters. 


4- 


To  go  into  the  subject  a little  more  particularly,  the 
records  of  chemical  analyses  made  at  the  main  office  of  the 
Public  Health  Laboratories  have  been  gone  over  and  the 
results  of  96  examinations  made  from  January  1,  1917  to 
February  14,  1920  have  been  analysed. 

The  principal  visible  water  supply  of  the  Red  River  valley 
is  the  Red  River,  this  source  is  used  by  Wahpeton  and  Fargo 
and  is  used  as  an  auxiliary  supply  for  Grand  Forks.  The 
water,  owing  to  its  hardness,  turbidity  and  high  pollution  is 
softened,  sedimented  and  chlorinated.  The  Fargo  analysis 
may  be  taken  as  an  example: 


Total  solids 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

179 

Alkalinity 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

113 

Chlorine 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

7 

Sulphates 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

31 

Carbonate 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

32 

Magrnesium 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

97 

Comparison  with  our  standard  shows  that  this  water 
contains  too  high  a hardness  radicle.  It  is  interesting  to 
compare  also  the  water  of  the  Goose  river  used  by  Mayville: 


Total  solids 

Alkalinity 

Chlorine 

Sulphates 

Carbonates 

Mag-nesium 


918 

251 

26 

390 

251 

390 


This  water  owing  to  its  high  mineral  content  is  prac- 
tically unfit  for  any  purpose  whatever,  even  plumbing  fix- 
tures are  attacked. 


Nine  well  waters  of  varying  depths  have  been  examined, 
these  have  been  scattered  throughout  this  region.  It  is  diffi- 
cult to  single  out  any  one  as  distinctive  for  the  region  as 
they  vary  so  much  in  total  solids  and  chlorine  content  not  to 
mention  the  hardness.  However,  I’ll  give  the  figures  for  a 
well  at  Drayton: 


Total  solids  - 

Alkalinity  - 

Chlorine  - 
Sulphates  - 

Carbonates  - 

Magnesium  - - - 

and  the  well  in  the  park  at  Mayville: 
Total  solids  - 

Alkalinity  - 

Chlorine  - - - 

Sulphates  - 

Carbonates  - - - - 

Magnesium  - 


20922 

236 

9384 

988 

23 

256 


3362. 

219.3 

773.7 

649.8 
568.6 
281.2 


All  these  waters  are  high  in  sulphates,  alkalinity  and 
magnesium  compounds.  They  have  more  or  less  of  a “salty” 
taste  and  are  high  in  incrustants. 


—5 


Of  waters  from  the  central  plains  some  18  localities  have 
contributed  38  samples.  These#  are  all  well  waters,  many 
being  taken  from  several  sources  in  one  locality  in  an  en- 
deavor to  find  the  most  suitable  supply. for  a waterworks  in- 
stallation. The  latter  samples  being  from  Jamestown,  Lang- 
don,  Lakota,  Leeds,  Fessenden,  and  New  Rockford  which  you 
will  see  furnish  rather  a good  selection  for  comparison.  A 
study  of  the  average  analysis  of  4 samples- of  Jamestown  water 
taken  from  different  wells  shows  the  following: 


Total  solids  - - - - 754. 

Alkalinity  - ' - - - 359. 

Chlorine'  - - - - - 42. 

Sulphates  - - - - . - ’ 421. 

Carbonates  - - - . 105.8 

Magnesium  - - - - 179.2 


Comparing  this  with  our  standard  we  see  that  the  min- 
eral content  puts' these  samples  in  the  “fair”  class  if  not  in 
the  “poor”.  G-oing  to  the  opposite  end  of  the  State  we  may 
examine  the  Langdon  waters  where  'some  10  samples  were 
examined  to  determine  which  would  yield  the  most  suitable 
water  for  a city  supply.  The  average  of  the  analysis  is  as 
follows: 


Total  solids  . - - - 1157. 

Alkalinity  -----  266.5 

Chlorine  - - - - - 177.8 

Sulphates  - - - - - 379.6 

Carbonates  - - - - 1 132.8 

Magnesium  - - - - - 80.2 


Comparison  with  our  table  shows  this  to  be  a fairly 
good  water.  In  fact  the  water  in  use  now  at  Langdon  is  of 
good  quality  but  contains  enough  iron  to  cause  a noticeable 
taste  and  odor  when  it  stands  in  the  pipes  or  is  heated. 

It  might  also  be  interesting  in  this  connection  to  Con- 
sider the  water  as  found  at  Fessenden  which  is  placed  in 
about  the  centre  of  this,  section  of  the  .State.  In  searching 
for  a satisfactory  water  supply  for  this  city  five  representa- 


tive  samples  were  examined, 
results  as  follows: 

These  when  studied  yielded 

Total  solids 

- 

’ 1342. 

Alkalinity 

- 

540.5 

Chlorine 

- 

182.3 

Sulphates 

- 

340.3 

Carbonates 

- 

284.2 

Magnesium 

- 

- 51.2. 

The  waters  from  this  region  therefore  can  be  placed  in 
the  “good”  class  except  that  they  need  softening.  It  is  diffi- 
cult however  to  say  positively  just  how  each  of  the  many 
samples  in  this  region  compare  with  each  other  but  it  may 
be  stated  that  the  northern  group  of  waters,  while  very  “salty” 
in  taste,  and  so  unfit  for  drinking,  are  often  quite  soft. 

In  the  Missouri  Plateau  section  beside  some  24  wells  we 


—6— 


should  also  consider  the  Missouri  river  which  is  used  by 
Williston,  Mandan  and  Bismarck.  The  water  from  this  source 
is  very  turbid  and  highly  polluted  so  that  these  cities  have 
installed  "complete  treatment  plants,  such  as  sedimentation, 
chemical  treatment,  filtration,  except  Bismarck  and  Mandan, 


and  chlorination.  The  untreated  river  water  in  several  ex- 


aminations taken  at  Williston  and  Bismarck  usually  tests 
as  follows: 


Total  Solids 

Alkalinity 

Chlorine 

Sulphates 

Carbonates 

Mh^nesiurn 


662 

368 

29 

161 

125 

164 


This  shows  that  the  river  water  is  of  moderate  hardness 
and  can  be  made  a very  suitable  source  of  supply. 


The  well  waters  of.  this  region  are  more  or  less  colored 
with  vegetable  matter  owing  to  the  whole  district  being  un- 
derlayed  with  lignite ' deposit,  several  of  the  wells  yield  a 
coal  black  water  which,  when  treated  with  a coagulant,  is 
quite  satisfactory.  Such  a water  is  found  at  Scranton  in 
Bowman  County  in  the  southwest  corner  of  the  State.  Seven 
samples  of  varying  duskiness  have  been  analysed  from  this 
town  with  results  as  follows: 


Total  solids  - - - - 1253. 

Alkalinity  - - - - - 453.1 

Chlorine  - - --  22.4 

Sulphates  - - - 417.8 

Carbonates  - - - - - 318. 

Magnesium  - - - - - 157.1 


Which  places  these  waters  in  the  “fair5’  column  but  shows 
them  incline#  to  be  hard. 


The  waters  in  the  northern  part  of  this  section  should' 
next  be  considered  and  these  comprise  samples  from  Crosby, 
Berthold,  Minot,  Kenmare  and  Stanley.  Synopsised  these 
analyses  are  as  follows: 


Total  solids 

- 

_ 

_ 

_ 

2147.1 

Alkalinity 

- 

- 

- 

- 

709.7 

Chlorine 

- 

- 

- 

- 

38.4 

Sulphates 
Carbonates  - 

- 

- 

625.2 

625.3 

Magnesium 

' - 

- 

- 

- 

142.1 

You  will  notice  that  it  may  be  said  that  these  waters 
come  in  the  “poor”  class  which  is  all  too  true  with  the  ex- 
ception, perhaps,  of  Minot.  Here  we  have  a water  that,  while 
it  has  some  color  and  a pleasantly  salty  taste,  is  of  very 
good  quality  otherwise  and  one  of  the  two  city  wells  is  quite 
“soft”.  All  these  samples  contains  iron  in  such  quantities 
as  to  stain  porcelain  or  enamel  ware. 

This  report  would  not  be  complete  without  reference 
being  made  to  the  spring  waters.  These  are  located  in  Grand 


—7— 


Forks,  Trail  and  Stutsman  counties  together  with  a group 
along  the  Missouri  slope  seven  samples  in  all.  Springs  occur 
in  three  localities  in  Grand  Forks  county,  Inkster,  North- 
wood,  Hatton  with  perhaps  one  exception,  yield  a very  good 
sample  of  water  from  a chemical  standpoint.  The  spring  near 
New  Rockford  and  at  Jamestown  also  yield  excellent  water. 

Three  springs  near  Williston,  recently  examined,  are 
found  to  be  also  in  the  “good”  class. 

The  Federal  Government  is  conducting  an  investigation 
into  the  question  of  “stream  pollution”  and  on  the  receipt 
of  a request  from  Mr.  R.  E.  Tarbett,  Associate  Sanitary 
Engineer,  United  States  Public  Health  Service  a questionaire 
was  sent  out  to  all  the  cities  and  towns  in  the  State  possess- 
ing water  and  sewer  systems  to  ascertain  what  disposal  was 
made  of  sewage  in  this  state.  Replies  were  received  from 
thirty-six  points,  these  have  been  arranged  according  to  the 
following  table: 


— 8 — 


% Population 
Served 


Method 


Sewage  Treated 


Storm  Sewer 
Separate 


Sewer  System 


Gal.  used  per  day 
in  thousands 


Direct  Pumpage 
Stand  Pipe 

Treated 

Source  Supply 

Water  System 
Population 


i 1 5 i 

1 1 1 

1 i 

P<  0 

1 $.2  1 1 

02  W2  m CG 

O 02  02  02  O 

£ Jh  £ 


^ OS 

O « 


£ H £ £ {H 


pH 


kH  £ r*  Ph  kH 


>H 


& £ ^ fH  &H  >H 


002000^020)0000 


£ 0) 


tf  $ 


^ s ^ 02 

02  C-  0)  CO  02  f> 

£ £ S 


02OCJ  02 

£ £ 


£ £ 


< M O G Q 

—9  - 


0 O O K ffi 


Not  used  for  drinking-.  **  Discharge  into  river,  wet  coulee  or  lake. 


% Population 
Served 


Method 


Sewage  Treated 


Storm  Sewer 
Separate 


Sewer  System 


Gal.  used  per  day 
in  thousands 


Direct  Pumpage 

Stand  Pipe 

Treated 

Source  Supply 

Water  System 
Population 


o t—  cn  co  10  <x> 


re 


I w O 

I o 
O a 


r ^ 

I few. 


£ : £ £ £ . pH 


^ 


£. £ :£ . ,X  £ £ Zi % ■ Z £ ' >H  £': 


®?D  ®iN  O)  DiO  O) 


^ H h ^ ^ ^ > k > 


S©  <NJ  ^ OO 


a s 

E3  "£ 


-10— 


Not  used  for  drinking-,  **  Discharge  into  river,  wet  coulee  or.  lake. 


% Population 
Served 


Method 


r>  VI  *0  £ S 

H P ^ O O ^ C Cj 

^(D^t'o^oo 

ft  ^ 3 'l_J  H-1-1  ft 
£7  ft  . cc  iy2  1 

- "C  -m  P 3 

- O £ w i-j  (-: 

s-  °p  * * 


I I ftc 

i isS&s 


P<  c 


Sewage  Treated 


ft  'p  o • £>  o ’ o o o ft  <p 


Storm  Sewer 
Separate 


o o ft  6'  . o o.  0,0  o.o  o 

% % z % z % z-*z .%  z 


Sewer  System 


sc  ui  m m m vi  m ' 02  m x/i  m ' m 

ft  ft  ■ ft  . ft  ft  ft  ft  ft.  ft  ft  ft  ft 


Gal.  used  per  day 
in  thousands 

Direct  Pumpage 

Stand  Pipe 

Treated 

Source  Supply 

Water  System 
Population 


m m . m 

o ft  ft  ft 

Z ^ >■ ' i* 


^ >h  ^ 


^ ^ >H  K 


* z 


fl  >» 


02  ft  U 

ft  02 '5 


o 

z 


|>H  ^ ^ 


Z * 


£ fn  £ z £ 2; 


^ ft-rH  ft  03  ft 


^ ^ fH  ^ 


02  02  -02 

ft  ft  ft 

^ ^ ^ 


O CO  05  CO  CO 
03  CO  LO  CO  i—l 


o 

! I | | 

"ft  ft 

O ui  > > 


—11— 


Study  of  this  table  shows  but  nine  places  which  get  their 
water  from  a visible  source,  eight  being  rivers  and  one 
springs.  Six  of  the  eight  river  supplies  are  treated  with  a 
coagulant  and  chlorine,  the  other  two  use  the  water  for  sani- 
tary purposes  only.  Water  for  drinking,  washing  clothes 
and  cooking  being  obtained  from  melted  ice,  cisterns  or  shal- 
low wells. 

In  regard  to  sewage  disposal,  27  discharge  their  sewage 
into  a river,  lake  or  coulee  untreated,  9 give  a preliminary 
treatment  with  some  form  of  septic  tank.  But  one  city  in  the 
state,  as  yet,  that  is  Minot,  has  installed  a modern  sewage 
treatment  plant  and  this  is  expected  to  be  in  operation  in 
the  summer  of  1921.  The  other  places  discharge  into  a low 
place  or  dry  coulee. 

Some  attempt  is  made  to  soften  the  river  water  in  Fargo 
and  Grand  Forks,  New  Rockford  has  just  installed  a softener 
for  its  well  water  supply  and  Mayville  is  considering  such 
an  improvement. 

In  conclusion  it  may  be  said  that,  while  some  attempt  is 
made  to  prevent  stream  pollution,  our  larger  cities,  except  one, 
are  doing  nothing  in  that  respect  and  it  will  be  only  a matter 
of  time  before  they  will  be  compelled  by  law  to  abate  the 
nuisance  which  their  untreated  sewage  will  create  for  com- 
munities situated  below  them. 


— 12 — 


■ . 1 


*2, 

3. 

*4. 

*5. 

6. 


10. 

11. 

12. 

13. 

14. 

15. 

16. 


17. 


18. 

19. 


20. 

21: 


22. 


23. 


24. 


25. 

26. 
*2T. 


28. 

29. 


FREE  BULLETIN  FOR  CITIZENS 


State  Public  Healtli  Laboratory.  History,  Instructions 
and  Fee  table. 


What  You  Should  Know  About  Tuberculosis. 
Pure  Water  and  How  to  Obtain  It. 


Sporotrichoisis  in  North  Dakota. 
Facts  about  Rabies. 


The  Production  and  Care  of  Milk  for  Infant  Feeding. 

Facts  about  Cancer. 

The  Fly;  a disease  carrier. 

Ninth  Annual  Report  of  State  Public  Health  Labora- 
tories. 

The  Sanitary  Privy. 

Your  Baby,  How  to  Keep  it  Well. 

The  Next  Step  towards  Efficiency  in  Public  Health. 

Fresh  Air  and  Why.  A talk  on  school  room  ventilation. 

Colds.  Cause,  prevention  and  home  treatment. 

Cerebro  spinal  meningitis. 

Keeping  in  Repair.  How  to  care  for  the  body — Physical  ’ 
examinations. 

Scarlet  Fever.  How  it  may  be  detected.  How  it  may 
be  avoided.  Directions  to  mothers,  nurses,  physicians 
and  health  officers  for  treating  cases  of  this  disease. 

Disinfection  and  Disinfectants. 

The  Teacher  and  Communicable  Diseases.  Symptoms 
by  which  teachers  may  detect  these  diseases. 

Diptheria.  Cause,  prevention  and  cure. 

Typhoid  Fever.  Information  for  those  who  Care  for 
pdtient,  for  physician  and  health  officers  in  regard  to 
the  spread  and  prevention  of  typhoid  fever. 

Measles  and  Whooping  Cough.  Information  for  parents 
and  for  those  who  care  for  the  patient,  for  physicians 
and  health  officers  in  regard  to  spread  and  preven- 
tion of  measles  and  whooping  cough. 

Smallpox.  How  to  detect  this  loathsome  disease.  How 
the  disease  spreads,  and  how  it  may  be  avoided. 
Direction  for  care  of  patients. 

The  Wasserman  Reaction  as  a 
Interpretation.  Need  for  a 
Wasserman.  i. 

Health  Officer’s  Loan  Library. 

Stereoptican  Loan  Library. 

Rural  Home  Comforts.  A series  of  four  blue  prints 
together  with  specifications  dealing  with  the  subject 
of  septic  tank  and  sewage  disposal. 

Influenza. 

The  Waters  of  North  Dakota. 


diagnostic  procedure, 
history.  Provocative 


Not  in  print. 


—14— 


